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EPA comparison: a cross-reading of the legal provisions
Publication
Since the year 2000, there has been ongoing dialogue aimed at creating economic partnership agreements between the European Union and various African regional groups, consisting of five blocs.
The EPA comparison shows that these negotiations have been fraught with debates and conflict, affecting parties both in Africa and internationally. A major point of contention involves the potential effects these agreements could have on the goals of industrial development and regional unification within Africa.
Key takeaways
- Studies, notably by the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), have indicated that while there may be gains for both African countries and the European Union, the benefits for Africa may disproportionately favour non-industrial sectors and non-least developed countries. The agreements could have a limited impact on fostering structural transformation and value addition within Africa
- Certain provisions, such as those related to cumulation and rules of origin, may impede the development of regional value chains in Africa due to technical and compatibility issues. Moreover, the technical capacity required to leverage some of the more flexible provisions (like infant industry protections) may be lacking in Africa, compared to the European Union
- Implementing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)is considered critical. ECA modelling suggests that it could offset the negative impacts of the EPAs by boosting intra-African trade. A fully operational AfCFTA before the complete implementation of the EPAs could provide a more coherent framework for interaction with external partners, including the EU, and is pivotal for moving towards a continental customs union as part of the African Economic Community vision
Lessons on the EPA comparison
Key lessons include the imperative of discerning and implementing development-focused provisions within EPAs, the essential role of capacity building to leverage these agreements effectively, and the power of regional solidarity through initiatives like the AfCFTA. This collective approach not only counters the potential negative impacts of EPAs but also amplifies Africa’s bargaining power on the global stage.
Monitoring and adapting to these agreements’ impacts are crucial to ensure they align with Africa’s development objectives. Moreover, seizing the opportunity within development cooperation frameworks could significantly support the continent’s industrialisation efforts.
Rationale for the comparison
The EPA comparison aims to encourage African nations to engage strategically and work together. It emphasises the importance of informed decision-making and collective action, mainly through initiatives like the AfCFTA, to strengthen Africa’s position in global trade. It advocates for capacity building and a development-centric approach, with EPAs serving as catalysts for sustainable growth and economic diversification in Africa.
Authored by
Guillaume Gérout
Mr. Guillaume Gérout is a trade policy specialist, notably on intra-African trade and global agreements, contributing significantly to the AfCFTA negotiations and collaborating with major international and governmental organisations.
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